Category Archives: History

“Fife Instructor Fifth Edition with Instructions for the Drum” by Glazier, Masters, and Smith, 1830

The “Fife Instructor (Instructer) Fifth Edition with Instructions for the Drum” was published by Glazier, Masters, and Smith circa 1830 in Hallowell, Maine. It was a significant publication that helped standardize fife instruction for both military and civilian fife and drum corps during the early nineteenth century. At a time when the fife and drum duo played a central role in regulating marches, signaling orders, and sustaining morale, this tutor provided much-needed consistency in teaching and performance. The fife supplied the melodies that shaped the drummer’s cadence, reinforcing a long-standing tradition essential to troop cohesion and daily military life.

Published in 1830, the instructor became a key resource in the post-Revolutionary era, offering clear and practical guidance for musicians. Its importance is reflected in its inclusion among major historic fife manuals, and it is especially notable for incorporating written-out (longhand) drum beats rather than conventional musical notation.

In 1830, the fifer and drummer were indispensable to military operations and ceremony. They regulated the rhythm of the military day, set the pace for marches, and conveyed commands on the battlefield. Beyond functionality, their music fostered esprit de corps and solemnity, while also anchoring parades and ceremonial events that reinforced unit identity and tradition. In essence, the Glazier, Masters & Smith instructor served as a practical “how-to” guide for these vital musical roles, which were fundamental to both military life and civilian musical traditions of the period.

The “Fife Instructor” is now available on the Historical Documents page. Enjoy and happy drumming!


Alexandre Raynaud’s “Methode compléte du tambour en 2 parties”

Alexandre Raynaud (1876–1958) was a distinguished French military drummer, educator, and composer. Trained from childhood by prominent Imperial Guard and naval drummers, he enlisted in 1894 and rose through the ranks, serving notably in the Engineer Regiments, the Republican Guard, and as drum major of the 31st Infantry Regiment. Mobilized during World War I, he served throughout the conflict, earning the Military Medal and other honors. After a distinguished career as a drummer, Raynaud retired from active service. He became an influential teacher, developing an unpublished but innovative drumming method and training many leading French military drummers. In the 1920s, he played a crucial role in preserving France’s regimental drum heritage by transcribing a vast, previously forgotten repertoire, including the first comprehensive collection of French infantry regimental refrains. A prolific composer who continually pushed technical boundaries, Raynaud left a lasting legacy in military drumming through his pedagogy, compositions, and preservation efforts.

You can read more about Alexandre Raynaud here. (It’s in French, so you’ll have to translate it. Google does a good job with this.)

Alexandre Raynaud’s unpublished drum method, “Methode compléte du tambour en 2 parties” (Complete drum method in 2 parts), circa 1900-1930, is available on the Books and Manuals page.


Marin Mersenne’s “Harmonie Universelle” and Seventeenth-Century Percussion

Marin Mersenne’s Harmonie Universelle (1636) is a landmark seventeenth-century treatise on music theory and instruments. Mersenne devotes a full book to percussion, detailing drums used in music and military signals. He describes the tambourin provençal—played with one stick while the performer plays a flute—and early rudimental rolls, including the single-stroke roll. Mersenne also mentions the drum roll (roulement, or “long roll”), though exact techniques remain unclear. Linking percussion to music, mathematics, and natural philosophy, his work is a key early source on drum construction, rudimental practice, and the role of percussion in seventeenth-century music.

Read more here and download the full text or just the book about percussion (both in the original French).


Impact of the 1754 French Drum Manual “Instruction des tambours” on Military Music

The Instruction des tambours (Instruction des Tambours et Diverse Batteries de l’Ordonnance), published in 1754 and promulgated by royal ordinance in 1755, was the first official, standardized drum manual of the French Army. It unified military drum signals and established a fixed marching tempo of 60 beats per minute, creating consistent communication and movement across all regiments. Using clear musical notation and early up-down sticking indicators (it’s the earliest known manual to do so), the manual marked a major advance in military music pedagogy. Its influence endured through the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and helped shape later British and American military drumming traditions.

This invaluable manual has been added to the Historical Documents resource page for your continued research into our drumming heritage.


Arbeau’s Orchésographie, a precursor to rudimental drumming

New resource added to Historical Documents: Thoinot Arbeau’s Orchésographie

The earliest known published work to include descriptions and notations for the drum is Orchésographie, a French dance manual published in 1589. Although authored by the French cleric Jehan Tabourot, the work was released under his pseudonym, Thoinot Arbeau—an anagram of his real name, by which he is now commonly known. The book is structured as a dialogue between Arbeau, the master, and his student, Capriole.

While Swiss military drumming traditions are known to predate Orchésographie, with evidence of their use in battle as early as the 1300s, this knowledge was transmitted primarily through oral tradition for centuries before being formally documented.

In Orchésographie, Arbeau employs syllables such as “tan” and “tere,” along with rhythmic figures, to teach drumming for dance. These descriptions illustrate specific hand movements and rhythms on a single line of notation. This approach influenced later systems, including the “up-down” notation (left- and right-hand strokes) found in 18th-century French and British military manuals. Over time, these systems evolved into modern drum notation, laying the groundwork for rudimental drumming.

Enjoy this incredible piece of history and happy drumming!


Explore Historic Military Drumming Manuals

Greetings everyone! I’ve added two more resources to the Historical Documents page. The first is “Infantry Tactics” by Silas Casey, published in 1863. While this is first and foremost a military manual used during the Civil War, it contains specific instructions for drummers covering the various calls and beats to be used.

The second is “The Sergeant-Drummers Manual; or Drum, Flute & Bugle Duty Tutor”, also called “Potter’s Drum, Flute & Bugle Duty Tutor” by Samuel L Potter and revised by J. J. Renwick, a British manual published in 1886. As stated in the Introduction, the primary purpose of the manual “is to bring about a greater uniformity in the training of Drum and Flute Corps in the Army.”

Happy drumming!


Discover Drumming History: 1836 Militia Instructions

A new manual from 1836 has been added to the Historical Documents page. “A Concise System of Instructions and Regulations for the Militia and Volunteers of the United States” by Samuel Cooper with Alexander Macomb provides specific instructions for all militia members and ranks, including drummers. Also included are parts for various calls, drum beatings and quick steps typical of the time. Enjoy this glimpse into our drumming past and history. Happy drumming!


Explore Early 20th Century Drumming Manuals Online

Two new out-of-print publications have been added to the Books and Manuals resource page, which include materials from the early to mid-1900s. The publications are “Belwin Fife and Drum Corp Builder – Books 1 and 2”, by Acton E. Ostling, 1955. He was the first and long-serving band director at the University of Evansville, holding the position for 36 years before his passing in 1993. Enjoy this glimpse into our shared drumming history and happy drumming!


New Category – Books and Manuals

I am pleased to announce the addition of a new category of free downloadable resources, Books and Manuals, devoted to early 1900s drum manuals and books. The initial release includes “Henry Potter’s Side Drum Beatings,” compiled by J. Winter (1910), and “The Harry A. Bower System,” by Harry A. Bower (1912). These join the previously added works of Edward B. Straight and Eric Perrilloux. New resources will be added in the coming weeks. All pre-1900s documents, books, and manuals can still be found on the Historical Documents page. I hope you enjoy the available resources and those to come. Thank you for your continuing support and happy drumming!


New Resource Added

The 1897 manual “Instructions for the Trumpet and Drum” by F. H. Greissinger and edited by W. F. Smith, has been added to the growing collection available on the Historical Documents page. This manual contains the signals and calls as used by the United States Army and Navy. Instructions specific to the drum can be found beginning on page 59.